INTRODUCTION

1.     Describe the major tissue types associated with the skeletal system.

2.     Identify bones as individual organs that make up the skeletal system.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

3.     Discuss the functions of support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.

STRUCTURE OF BONE

4.     List and describe the parts of the long bone.

HISTOLOGY OF BONE TISSUE

5.     Describe the four types of cells in bone tissue and their function.

6.     Describe the chemical components of bone.

Compact Bone Tissue

7.     Describe the histological features and their functions found in compact bone tissue.

Spongy Bone Tissue

8.     Contrast and compare the structure and composition of spongy bone versus compact bone.

9.     Discuss the use of bone scans as a diagnostic procedure to indicate bone abnormalities.

BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY OF BONE

10. Describe the distribution, vascularity, circulation, and nerve supply in compact bone.

BONE FORMATION

11. Describe the two types of bone formation and note that these two kinds of ossification do not lead to differences in the structure of mature bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

12. Describe the steps involved in intramembranous ossification.

Endochondrial Ossification

13. Describe the steps involved in endochondrial ossification.

BONE GROWTH

Growth in Length

14. Describe the zones of the epiphyseal plate and the role of the epiphyseal plate in growth in the length of bones

Growth in Thickness

15. Describe the process of growth in thickness. Include the cells that are necessary for the progression of bone dissolutions and depositions that result in wider bones with thicker collars.

Factors Affecting Bone Growth

16. Discuss the role of minerals, vitamins, and hormones in bone growth.

17. Briefly describe some of the hormonal abnormalities that affect height.

BONES AND HOMEOSTASIS

Bone Remodeling

18. Explain that bones are continuously being restructured in order to replace worn or injured tissue, or to shift support to areas along lines of mechanical stress.

19. Discuss the roles of osteoclasts and hormones in bone remodeling.

20. Explain why remodeling is important in orthodontia.

Fracture and Repair of Bone

21. Define a fracture and describe several common kinds of fractures.

22. List and describe the steps involved in fracture repair.

23. Discuss some treatments for fracture.

Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis

24. Describe the role of bone as a calcium reservoir under the control of a specific set of hormones that stimulate opposing activities of osteocells in order to maintain blood calcium homeostasis.

EXERCISE AND BONE TISSUE

25. Describe the effects of mechanical stress, such as exercise, on bone maintenance and development.

AGING AND BONE TISSUE

26. Discuss the effects of aging on bone tissue, especially in regards to bone mass and strength.

DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

27. Contrast the courses and clinical symptoms associated with osteoporosis, rickets, and osteomalacia.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

28. Define medical terminology associated with bone tissue.