Ms. Andrews
Palmerton Area High School
 

 

 

 
Unit Outline & Objectives

Chapter 6

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE

Chapter Synopsis

This chapter covers the functions of the skeletal system, the structure and histology of bone, the blood and nerve supply of bone, and the physiology of the formation of bone (ossification).  The physiology of bone growth is covered, along with the factors that affect bone growth and development.  Bone remodeling is covered as a homeostatic process of bone, along with bone’s role in calcium homeostasis.  Fractures and the repair of bone are also included.  The effect of exercise on bone tissue is discussed.  The effect of aging on bone tissue is described.  Osteoporosis, rickets and osteomalacia are included as examples of homeostatic imbalances.  The chapter concludes with a glossary of medical terminology associated with bone tissue.

 

Chapter Outline and Objectives

INTRODUCTION

  1. Describe the major tissue types associated with the skeletal system.
  2. Identify bones as individual organs that make up the skeletal system.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  1. Discuss the functions of support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.

STRUCTURE OF BONE

  1. List and describe the parts of the long bone.

HISTOLOGY OF BONE TISSUE

  1. Describe the four types of cells in bone tissue and their function.
  2. Describe the chemical components of bone.

Compact Bone Tissue

  1. Describe the histological features and their functions found in compact bone tissue.

Spongy Bone Tissue

  1. Contrast and compare the structure and composition of spongy bone versus compact bone.
  2. Discuss the use of bone scans as a diagnostic procedure to indicate bone abnormalities.

BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY OF BONE

  1. Describe the distribution, vascularity, circulation, and nerve supply in compact bone.

BONE FORMATION

  1. Describe the two types of bone formation and note that these two kinds of ossification do not lead to differences in the structure of mature bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

  1. Describe the steps involved in intramembranous ossification.

Endochondrial Ossification

  1. Describe the steps involved in endochondrial ossification.

BONE GROWTH

Growth in Length

  1. Describe the zones of the epiphyseal plate and the role of the epiphyseal plate in growth in the length of bones

Growth in Thickness

  1. Describe the process of growth in thickness. Include the cells that are necessary for the progression of bone dissolutions and depositions that result in wider bones with thicker collars.

Factors Affecting Bone Growth

  1. Discuss the role of minerals, vitamins, and hormones in bone growth.
  2. Briefly describe some of the hormonal abnormalities that affect height.

BONES AND HOMEOSTASIS

            Bone Remodeling

  1. Explain that bones are continuously being restructured in order to replace worn or injured tissue, or to shift support to areas along lines of mechanical stress.
  2. Discuss the roles of osteoclasts and hormones in bone remodeling.
  3. Explain why remodeling is important in orthodontia.

Fracture and Repair of Bone

  1. Define a fracture and describe several common kinds of fractures.
  2. List and describe the steps involved in fracture repair.
  3. Discuss some treatments for fracture.

Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis

  1. Describe the role of bone as a calcium reservoir under the control of a specific set of hormones that stimulate opposing activities of osteocells in order to maintain blood calcium homeostasis.

EXERCISE AND BONE TISSUE

  1. Describe the effects of mechanical stress, such as exercise, on bone maintenance and development.

AGING AND BONE TISSUE

  1. Discuss the effects of aging on bone tissue, especially in regards to bone mass and strength.

DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

  1. Contrast the courses and clinical symptoms associated with osteoporosis, rickets, and osteomalacia.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

  1. Define medical terminology associated with bone tissue.

 

Chapter 7

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON

Chapter Synopsis

In this chapter, students are introduced to the divisions of the skeletal system, the types of bones based on shape and location and important bone surface markings. The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax (axial skeleton) and their functional features are examined in detail. Clinical applications discussed include black eyes, cleft palate and cleft lip, temporomandibular joint syndrome, sinusitis, deviated septum, caudal anesthesia, and rib fractures. Disorders that are covered are herniated disc, abnormal curves of the vertebral column, and spina bifida.

 

Chapter Outline and Objectives

INTRODUCTION

  1. Note that becoming familiar with the names, shapes, and positions of individual bones helps in the location of other organs and in muscle interaction with bones to produce movement.

DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  1. List the various bone groups and the number that are assigned to the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton, as well as their fundamental purpose.

TYPES OF BONES

  1. Classify the principal types of bones on the basis of shape and location.

 

 

BONE SURFACE MARKINGS

  1. Describe the various markings on the surface of bones and the functions of each.

SKULL

  1. Give the names of the 22 skull bones and how they are grouped into the cranial and facial categories.

General Features

  1. Briefly describe the cavities and major surface markings of the skull.
  2. Mention the basic functions of the skull in terms of protection, muscle attachment, and association with organ and sensory systems.

Cranial Bones

  1. Show the location of the cranial bones and state distinctive characteristics of each, including shape, features, functions, and interconnections.

Frontal Bone

Parietal Bones

Temporal Bones

Occipital Bone

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Facial Bones

  1. Show the location of the facial bones and state distinctive characteristics of each, including shape, features, functions, and interconnections.

Nasal Bones

Maxillae

Zygomatic Bones

Lacrimal Bones

Palatine Bones

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Vomer

Mandible

Nasal septum

  1. Discuss the location and formation of the nasal septum.
    Orbits
  2. Discuss the four regions of the orbit and the bones that make up the regions.

Foramina

  1. Review the openings (Table 7.3) that allow communication for blood, lymph, and neural information between the interior and exterior of the skull.

Unique Features Of The Skull

            Sutures

  1. Identify, locate, and describe how the different sutures develop and interconnect the bones of the skull.

Paranasal Sinuses

  1. Discuss the location, features, and functions of the paranasal sinuses.
  2. Discuss sinusitis as an inflammation of the membranes of the sinuses

Fontanels

  1. Illustrate the locations and state the principle functions of the fontanels as they change with age.

HYOID BONE

  1. Describe the unique features of the hyoid bone, its functions, and the structures that help suspend it in position.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  1. Discuss the basic functions of the vertebral column.
  2. Describe the five regions of the vertebral column.

Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column

  1. Discuss the location, direction, purpose, and time of formation of the four curves of the spine.

Intervertebral Discs

  1. Discuss the structure and function of the intervertebral discs.

Parts of a Typical Vertebra

  1. Demonstrate the anatomical components, foramen processes, and articular features common to most vertebrae and indicate their purpose.

Regions of the Vertebral Column

Cervical Region

  1. Indicate the shapes and formations that distinguish cervical vertebrae from other divisions, and the unique structure and operation of the two superior vertebrae.

Thoracic Region

  1. Discuss the components of thoracic vertebrae and how they change with descent along the column.
  2. Discuss the number and function of the articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae.

Lumbar Region

  1. Describe the main purpose of the lumbar vertebrae and how their function dictates their structure.

Sacrum

  1. Note the peculiar fusion of these vertebrae and how this effects their job of support, as well as neural protection and connection.

THORAX

            Sternum

  1. Describe the parts of the sternum and the function of this composite bone.

Ribs

  1. Describe the functional features of a rib and how they are grouped relative to their attachment to the sternum.

DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

  1. Contrast herniated (slipped) disc, abnormal curves, and spina bifida as disorders associated with the skeletal system.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

  1. Define the medical terminology associated with the spinal column.

 

 

Chapter 8

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Chapter Synopsis

This chapter introduces the details of the bones of the appendicular skeleton, with the appendicular skeleton divided into the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower extremities.  Bone markings, functions, and articulations with adjacent bones are covered.  There is a consideration of the embryologic development of the skeletal system.  Clinical applications that are covered include fractured clavicle, knock-knee and bowleg, pelvimetry, bone marrow examination, patellofemoral stress syndrome, and flatfoot, clawfoot, and clubfoot.  The developmental anatomy of the skeletal system is discussed.  Hip fracture is discussed in the disorders section.  The section, Focus on Homeostasis, looks at the skeletal system’s contribution to homeostasis.  A medical terminology section is included with terms relative to the appendicular skeleton.

 

Chapter Outline and Objectives

INTRODUCTION

  1. Identify the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.

PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE

  1. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and the only point of attachment of the girdle to the axial skeleton.

Clavicle

  1. Identify the clavicle, its markings, functions, and the bones with which it articulates.
  2. Discuss the problems associated with a fractured clavicle.

Scapula

  1. Identify the scapula, its markings, functions, and the bones with which it articulates.

UPPER LIMB (EXTREMITY)

  1. Identify the upper extremity, its component bones, and their number.

Humerus

  1. Identify the humerus, its major markings, functions, and peculiar contours that allow it to articulate with the scalpular glenoid fossae and the ulnar trochlear notch.

Ulna and Radius

  1. Identify the ulna, its major markings, functions, and peculiar contours that allow it to have a major articulation with the humeral trochlea and minor interaction with the carpals.
  2. Identify the radius, its major markings, functions, and contours that allow it to have a major articulation with the carpals and minor interaction with the humeral trochlea.

Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges

  1. Identify the names and positions of the carpals.
  2. Identify the names and positions of the metacarpals.
  3. Identify the names and positions of the phalanges.

PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE

  1. Identify the bones and function of the pelvic girdle.

Ilium

  1. Identify the ilium, its major markings, functions, and the bones with which it articulates.

Ischium

  1. Identify the ischium, its major markings, functions, and the bones with which it articulates.

Pubis

  1. Identify the pubis, its major markings, functions, and the bones with which it articulates.

True and False Pelves

  1. Distinguish between the true and false pelves and give the function of the bony pelvis.

COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE PELVES

  1. Compare and contrast the principal structural differences between female and male pelves

COMPARISON OF PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES

  1. Compare and contrast the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)

  1. Identify the lower extremity and its component bones.

Femur

  1. Identify the femur, its major markings, functions, and surface shapes that allow allow it to articulate with the coxal acetabulum and pedal talus.
  2. Discuss the pathological changes that result in knock-knee and bowleg.

Patella

  1. Discuss the patella in terms of its bone type, its location, and its function.
  2. Discuss the cause and effect of patellofemoral stress syndrome.

Tibia and Fibula

  1. Distinguish between the tibia and fibula in terms of their size, features, location, purpose, and articular surfaces.

Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

  1. Compare the number, size, and function of the tarsal, metatarsal, and phalangeal bones of the foot with the corresponding bones of the hand.

Arches of the Foot

  1. Define the structural features and importance of the arches of the foot.
  2. Discuss the possible causes of flatfoot, clawfoot, and clubfoot.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  1. Examine the embryological development of the skeletal system.

FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: SKELETAL SYSTEM

  1. Examine the skeletal system’s contribution to homeostasis

DISEASE: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

  1. Explain that the term hip fracture applies to a break in any bone associated with the hip joint.

MEDICAL TERMS

  1. Define the terms associated with the appendicular skeleton

 

 

 

C. R. Andrews
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